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Within the course of the 17th century it was taken over by many Dutch provinces and cities - and in addition by East Frisia - nevertheless it was more and more poorly applied, in order that circulation was severely restricted in 1693; However , the good pieces that were still in circulation have been only demonetized in 1846. From 1680 it was changed by the guilder at 20 stuivers. Von Humboldt also said that the average revenue in that interval was four occasions the European income and in addition that the cities of recent Spain have been richer than many European cities. Humboldt also printed a comparative analysis of bread and meat consumption in New Spain compared to different cities in Europe akin to Paris. From an opposing perspective based on the "backwardness" mentioned above the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt traveled extensively throughout the Spanish Americas, exploring and describing it for the primary time from a fashionable scientific point of view between 1799 and سعر الذهب اليوم 1804. In his work Political essay on the kingdom of latest Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico he says that the Amerindians of new Spain had been wealthier than any Russian or German peasant in Europe.

Two upheavals registered unease inside Spanish America and at the same time demonstrated the renewed resiliency of the reformed system: the Tupac Amaru uprising in Peru in 1780 and the rebellion of the comuneros of recent Granada, each partially reactions to tighter, extra environment friendly management. Spain claimed all of North America within the Age of Discovery, but claims were not translated into occupation until a significant resource was found and Spanish settlement and crown rule put in place. Centralization of energy (starting with the Nueva Planta decrees against the realms of the Crown of Aragon) was to be for the advantage of the crown and the metropole and for the protection of its empire against foreign incursions. The crown program to enact reforms that promoted administrative control and efficiency within the metropole to the detriment of pursuits in the colonies, undermined creole elites' loyalty to the crown. This system aimed to end poverty and racial inequality.

Following the conflict, the brand new Bourbon monarchy took a much more cautious strategy to worldwide relations, relying on a family alliance with Bourbon France, and continuing to observe a program of institutional renewal. This legacy of neglect was reflected in the early years of Bourbon rule wherein the army was sick-advisedly pitched into battle in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-20). Spain was defeated in Italy by an alliance of Britain, France, Savoy, and Austria. The Battle of Annual (1921) in the course of the Rif War was a significant military defeat suffered by the Spanish military against Moroccan insurgents. Scores of insurgents have been killed but because of Seibert's and Hecht's management, the Germans suffered no casualties. On 3 August, 12,000 extra civilians were killed in another metropolis part. At least 100,000 Aztecs died in the course of the siege, while one hundred Spaniards and as much as 30,000 of their Indigenous allies have been killed or died from illness. Cuba didn't experience its first critical independence motion till the late 1860s. The first War for Independence was fought from 1868 to 1878, resulting in between 100,000 and 150,000 Cuban deaths. This motion sparked resistance from the Spanish individuals, resulting in the Peninsular War.

The formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain was acknowledged by the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668), and Oran and Mers El Kébir remained Spanish territories in Africa. By the end of the seventeenth century, solely Melilla, Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (which had been taken once more in 1564), and Ceuta (a part of the Portuguese Empire since 1415, selected to retain their links to Spain as soon as the Iberian Union ended. The end of Cádiz's monopoly of commerce with the American colonies led to crucial modifications, notably a rebirth of Spanish manufactures. The Nootka Crisis (1789-1791) almost brought Spain and Britain to war. Spain and Great Britain agreed to not set up settlements and allowed free access to Nootka Sound on the west coast of what is gold price now Vancouver Island. Great Britain was also increasing into areas that Spain claimed as its territory on the Pacific coast. Taking steps to shore up its fragile claims to California, Spain began planning California missions in 1769. Spain additionally started a sequence of voyages to the Pacific Northwest, the place Russia and Great Britain have been encroaching on claimed territory. Spain's victory within the Battle of Cartagena de Indias in opposition to a British expedition in the Caribbean port of Cartagena de Indias helped Spain secure its dominance of its possessions in the Americas until the 19th century.

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